What Is a Turntable?
A turntable is a device that plays vinyl records by rotating the disc and using a stylus to read the grooves, converting the physical movement into an electrical audio signal.
Unlike digital sources such as CD players or streamers, a turntable is an entirely analogue playback system.
How does a turntable work?
A vinyl record contains microscopic grooves that represent sound waves. As the record spins, a small needle — called a stylus — sits inside the groove.
The stylus vibrates according to the shape of the groove. These vibrations travel through the cartridge and are converted into a tiny electrical signal.
That signal is then amplified and sent to speakers.
Main parts of a turntable
- Platter – Rotating platform that holds the record
- Tonearm – Holds and guides the cartridge across the record
- Cartridge – Converts stylus movement into electrical signal
- Stylus (needle) – Tracks the record groove
- Motor – Spins the platter at 33⅓ or 45 RPM
Does a turntable need an amplifier?
Yes — but not directly.
The signal from a turntable is extremely low level and requires a phono preamp (phono stage) before it can connect to a standard amplifier.
Some turntables include a built-in phono stage, while others require an external unit.
Belt drive vs direct drive
Belt drive
Uses a rubber belt to connect the motor to the platter. Often associated with lower motor noise and hi-fi listening.
Direct drive
The motor sits directly beneath the platter. Common in DJ setups due to faster start-up and higher torque.
Why are turntables still popular?
- Physical music ownership
- Large-format album artwork
- Analogue playback experience
- Collector appeal
Vinyl has seen a significant resurgence, and many listeners enjoy the tactile, album-focused nature of record playback.
Turntable specifications explained
Speed (RPM)
Most records play at 33⅓ RPM or 45 RPM.
Wow and flutter
Measures speed stability. Lower percentages indicate more consistent rotation.
Signal-to-noise ratio
Indicates how much background noise is present relative to the audio signal.
Frequently Asked Questions
Is a turntable the same as a record player?
A record player typically includes built-in speakers and amplification. A turntable is usually just the playback component designed for use in a hi-fi system.
Do all turntables need a phono stage?
Yes. Either built-in or external. Without one, the signal will be too quiet and improperly equalised.
Is vinyl better than digital?
Vinyl is an analogue format and has different characteristics than digital audio. Preference often depends on listening habits and system setup.
In simple terms
A turntable spins a vinyl record while a stylus tracks its grooves, converting physical movement into music.