What Is a Turntable Cartridge?
A turntable cartridge is a small electro-mechanical device mounted at the end of the tonearm. As the stylus tracks the grooves of a vinyl record, the cartridge converts those physical vibrations into an electrical signal that can be amplified and played through speakers.
Although small in size, the cartridge has a significant impact on clarity, tracking, tonal balance, and how well records are preserved over time.
How It Works
When the stylus sits in the groove of a spinning record, it vibrates according to the tiny modulations in the vinyl. These vibrations travel along the cantilever and reach the cartridge’s generator, where mechanical movement is transformed into electrical energy.
Playback Process
- Groove tracking: The stylus follows the modulations in the record groove.
- Vibration transfer: Vibrations move through the cantilever to the cartridge body.
- Signal generation: The cartridge converts mechanical movement into an electrical audio signal.
- Amplification: A phono preamp boosts and equalises the signal for playback.
Types of Cartridges
Moving Magnet (MM)
In a Moving Magnet cartridge, a small magnet attached to the cantilever moves between fixed coils to generate the audio signal. MM cartridges are popular for their affordability, durability, and easily replaceable stylus.
Moving Coil (MC)
Moving Coil cartridges reverse the design: the coils move while the magnet remains fixed. This offers lower moving mass and greater precision, resulting in improved detail and clarity. MC cartridges are often more expensive and require a compatible phono stage.
Stylus Shapes
The shape of the stylus affects how deeply and accurately it tracks the groove, influencing detail, distortion, and record wear.
- Conical: Simple, budget-friendly, and forgiving.
- Elliptical: Better contact and improved detail.
- Shibata / Line Contact: High-precision, excellent high-frequency response.
- MicroLine / MicroRidge: Extremely accurate with long lifespan.
Why Cartridge Quality Matters
A high-quality cartridge can enhance detail, reduce distortion, widen the soundstage, and improve tracking. Conversely, a poor or worn cartridge can cause distortion, noise, or even damage records.
Choosing the Right Cartridge
- Ensure compatibility with your tonearm and turntable.
- Check your phono preamp supports MM or MC.
- Select a stylus shape that suits your listening preferences.
- Consider budget and music style.
Setup and Alignment
Correct installation is crucial. Proper alignment reduces distortion and protects your records. Key setup steps include adjusting overhang, tracking force, anti-skate, and vertical tracking angle (VTA).
Conclusion
The turntable cartridge is central to vinyl playback, transforming physical groove movements into musical sound. Understanding cartridge types, stylus shapes, and setup helps you choose the right model and get the best performance from your turntable.
Related: Turntables