How Turntables Work: From Record Groove to Sound Explained Simply

What does a turntable actually do?

A turntable converts the physical movement of a record groove into an electrical signal, which is then amplified and turned into sound by the rest of your hi-fi system.

Unlike digital playback, vinyl relies on purely mechanical motion at the start of the signal chain. Every vibration, movement, and material choice directly affects the final sound.

The record groove

Music on a vinyl record is stored as a continuous spiral groove. The groove walls contain microscopic variations that represent the original audio signal.

Stereo information in the groove

In stereo records, the left and right audio channels are encoded on opposite groove walls at 45-degree angles. The stylus reads both simultaneously.

The stylus (needle)

The stylus sits in the record groove and physically traces its shape as the record spins.

As the stylus moves, it vibrates in response to the groove’s modulations. These vibrations are the foundation of the audio signal.

The cartridge

The cartridge converts stylus movement into an electrical signal.

How cartridges generate sound

Most cartridges work by moving either a magnet or a coil in response to stylus motion. This movement generates a tiny electrical current that mirrors the original audio waveform.

Moving magnet vs moving coil

Moving magnet cartridges are more common and easier to drive, while moving coil cartridges typically offer greater detail but require specialised phono stages.

The tonearm

The tonearm holds the cartridge and allows it to track the record groove accurately.

Why tonearm design matters

A good tonearm maintains consistent pressure, minimises unwanted vibration, and keeps the stylus aligned correctly throughout playback.

The platter and motor

The platter supports the record and spins it at a constant speed, usually 33⅓ or 45 RPM.

Speed stability

Even tiny speed variations can affect pitch and timing. This is why platter mass, motor design, and drive systems matter.

Belt drive vs direct drive

Different turntables use different methods to rotate the platter.

Belt drive

Belt drive turntables use an elastic belt to isolate the platter from motor vibration, often resulting in smoother sound.

Direct drive

Direct drive turntables connect the motor directly to the platter, offering excellent speed accuracy and durability.

Isolation and vibration control

Turntables are highly sensitive to vibration. External movement can interfere with the stylus tracking the groove.

Good isolation prevents sound from speakers, footsteps, and environmental vibrations from degrading playback.

From turntable to amplifier

The electrical signal produced by a cartridge is extremely small and must be amplified and equalised before it reaches your speakers.

The role of the phono stage

A phono stage boosts the signal and applies RIAA equalisation, making vinyl playback possible.

Why setup matters

Because turntables rely on precise mechanical interaction, setup has a major impact on sound quality.

Tracking force, alignment, and placement can significantly influence clarity, distortion, and record wear.

Final thoughts

Turntables work by translating physical motion into sound. This mechanical process is what gives vinyl its character — and why attention to detail matters more than with digital sources.